Why were British troops sent into Northern Ireland?

Almost 40 years ago British troops were sent into Londonderry because of many conflicts due to the separations and discrimination of the two religions, Catholic and Protestants. British government tried to intervene by sending in their on troops as discrimination got so escaladed that Catholics would not even trust the RUC (who were mainly Protestant.) British troops were sent into Ireland because of many conflicts that originated to Henry VIII which was almost 500 hundred years ago. When Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, the pope of Rome forbade it, thus making England alone and more importantly formed â€Å"The church of England.† Ireland was still Catholic and allies with Rome, England saw this as a threat so after 1610 they, seized some of Ireland and â€Å"planted† some Protestants there. England thought that Rome would want to try and evade England through Ireland so this is why they took over part of Ireland. The protestant living in Ireland were called undertakers as they had to under take all rules given by the Church of England, they had to build barns houses and be combat ready when needed. Irish Catholics were furious about the take over of Ireland so they decided to rebel, they burnt houses and barns, crops and food; they also killed thousands of protestants (2000 – 3000). This made England retaliate so they sent a Scottish army of 10,000 men into Ulster and the English army took hold of Cork and Dublin, the rebellion resulted in the whole of Ireland being taken over. When King Charles II died, James II became his successor, the problem with James II being king is that he is catholic. James promoted catholic soldiers to higher ranks and gave more benefits to Catholics, parliament became suspicious and thought he was trying to change England into a catholic state. James's Daughter Mary married William of Orange. Making William the new king. James II went to Ireland and he knew he would get strong support from Catholics. With his army behind him, he went to take over Derry, but the apprentice boys closed the gate stopping his army from entering, the protestants suffered from starvation, disease and huge destruction because of this, but when James II was defeated by William of orange, (battle of Boyne) protestants where seen as heroes for fighting for their believes, ironically this is one of the main reasons why British troops had to be sent in again 400 hundred years later. This in many ways led to the rising of Sinn Fein who were a political group fighting for Ireland's freedom, in the sense they were also corrupt and had the support of the IRA (Irish republican army.) The Sinn Fein, one of the leaders Michael Collins, who raised a lot of armies, actually signed the partition. Britain thought the only way to resolve Irelands conflicts would be to try and buy both Ulster and Ireland off, reluctantly accepted by both sides Ireland was once and for all separated (1920),). Possible short term effects of the British troops sent in would be the discrimination against Catholics, due to the bad blood because of plantation and the reformation and the battle of Derry. The first of many short term causes was the blatant vote rigging or Gerrymandering, which caused many Catholics to have bad or even no house at all even if there were 12 in a family, but the Protestants would get them due to the discrimination. Jobs and promotion given to a catholic was very rare, a shipyard in Wolfe had over 10,000 employees but only 400 were catholic. Possible reasons which led up to the civil war could, which ultimately led to the sending in off the British troops, are the lack of housing provided by the local council, due to the gerrymandering the council was run by protestants causing Catholics to lose houses. Prejudice rose even further when RUC or B – specialists (off duty police who were armed) treated Catholics like scum. The RUC were renown to be mainly protestants, they harassed Catholics and destroyed their property, they even let off crimes as long as it was a protestant stealing from a catholic. All these events led to the Civil rights movement, Civil rights activists tried to march to Londonderry but were stopped at Burntollet bridge, where civil rights activists were met by angry protestants. The protestants thought the civil rights were all IRA, and thought they would take matters into their own hand and brutal rioting broke out. The b specialist actually helped the rioters and the RUC did little to nothing to help the matter. Soon after the events that occurred at Burntollet bridge and the appalling display by the RUC led to the Battle of Bogside. This battle was on the day of the apprentice boys march, (mentioned above) the protestants would march and â€Å"celebrate† the honorable apprentice boys. They would sing offensive songs such as â€Å"Drive the Billy-boys back† and throw missiles at the Catholics such as rocks and coins. On august 1969 the march began, even thought many people thought it would inevitable end up in a full scale riot. The Catholics tried to barricade themselves in but the Protestants ran at the barrier full force to get at them, the RUC were actually trying to get the barrier down (supposedly trying to break up the riot but couldn't get to them). This appalling riot caused the sending of the troops in, Catholics thought it was a godsend as they heated the RUC so much.

Pros and Cons of FDRs Brainchild: The New Deal

The New Deal & FDR The implementation of the New Deal was a necessary, yet highly criticized, and controversial time in our nation's history. Its creation, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, helped to resurrect a crumbling economy and put Americans back to work. However, like most things in life, there are always two sides to every story. This paper will explore both the pros and cons of FDR's, brainchild, the New Deal. In addition, it will argue that regardless of a positive or negative public opinion, there is no negating the fact that the New Deal was a pivotal movement and progressive step forward in our nation's history.The presidential election of 1932 favored Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt over current president, Herbert Hoover, by a staggering 7 million popular votes. It seemed that the citizens of the great United States of America had spoken; they were ready for change. FDR believed that the solution to the economic crisis could be achievable, but only by having a more involved government. He held firm that giving the federal government more control in the nation's economy could begin to undo the damage caused by the Great Depression.Roosevelt promised a New Deal to the American public; a conglomerate of government programs aimed at revitalizing the economy by restoring our banking system and creating new jobs. Almost immediately following his inauguration, FDR closed down all the banks in the country for four days and called an emergency hearing with Congress. The Emergency Banking Act was created, which â€Å"gave the government the opportunity to inspect the health of all banks† (Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. ).The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, was also created to insure consumer and business deposits up to $5,000 (a far cry from today's $250,000). FDR, urged Americans to trust in banks again. Ultimately, he wanted to see people embrace the concept of consumer capitalism. In short, h e called for every citizen to march to their local bank, and show good faith by depositing all their life savings. Once the banks had the support of the public, they could in turn, begin making loans again. These loans funded the creation of new businesses and the restoration of the old ones.Businesses were then able to hire or re-hire workers, and in many cases, increase wages as well. With higher wages comes greater spending power. The goal was to see the population of the U. S. become a nation of consumers once again. By pouring their money and capital back into the economy, U. S. citizens could play a role in getting American back on her feet. A provision of the New Deal, called the Civil Works Administration, or CWA, was created to â€Å"give the unemployed jobs building or repairing roads, parks and airports and providing psychological and physical boosts to its 4 million workers† (Franklin D.Roosevelt -American Heritage Center, Inc. ). A similar program, called the Civ ilian Conservation Corps, or CCC, was an environmental program that helped 2. 5 million unmarried men return to work maintaining beaches and forests and also gave jobs to 8500 women. Other successful programs that are relevant to today's modern society are programs such as Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act; which protects workers' rights to assemble, or unionize.In addition, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was passed, which abolished child labor and set the minimum wage. While the New Deal had a great many triumphs, some may argue that though the tragedies were few, they had a far more devastating impact on the economy. Roosevelt implemented such controversial programs as the National Industrial Recovery Act, or NIRA, which was created to bolster the decreasing price of industrial goods. Unfortunately, there were some unforeseen and catastrophic consequences. When higher wages went into effect, prices rose too. Thus, consumers stopped buying. The continuous cycle of overproduction and underconsumption put businesses back into a slump† the law was later ruled unconstitutional (Norton et al, 698). Another controversial provision of the New Deal was the Agriculture Adjustment Administration, or AAA, which attempted to raise farm prices. It used special tax funds to pay farmers to refrain from raising certain crops or breed certain types of animals.They figured the lower production would help to increase prices of other agricultural products. All it did was anger the general populous, who thought this was atrocious. People were starving and homeless and the federal government was essentially wasting food! This program was ruled unconstitutional, shortly after it was proved a failure. Though Roosevelt had many ups and downs during his 12+ years as President, he successfully began the process of getting the nation back on its feet.He created the New Deal, though it was not the end all be all of the economic crisis, it contri buted to the demise of the Great Depression in a broader sense. It restored the public faith in banks and got many, many Americans back to work. Works Cited Norton, M. , Katzman, D. , Blight, D. , Chudacoff, H. , Logevall, F. , Bailey, B. , Paterson, T. , Tuttle Jr. , W. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007. Print. Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. http://www. fdrheritage. org/new_deal. html 26, October 2012. Web.

Describe and analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Describe and analyze - Essay Example The closest competitors of Starbucks are the other coffee shops in US, doughnut shops, and restaurants (Tata Global Beverages â€Å"Tata Starbucks readies for Indian market entry by end of October†). Starbucks is planning to expand aggressively, by adding 3500 stores round the world. It has also planned to increase the number of shops in US to 20,000 and then eventually 40,000. (Starbucks Newsroom â€Å"Tata Starbucks Limited Readies for India Market Entry by End of October†). Starbucks planned its roadmap to venture in India with Tata Global Beverages, though according to the present legal framework of the country, Starbucks could have entered India without any partner, yet the company is planning to enter into a 50-50 joint venture with TATA Group. As far as marketing strategies of Starbucks are concerned for India, the strategies that they have formulated for the US target market would not assist them to be successful in India because India is a culturally rich count ry and the people belonging to any class have strong attachment to the culture. In India coffee is preferred, but tea is preferred more than coffee. Moreover, the food offered in Starbucks in USA is completely different from the taste and preferences of Indian consumers (Knowledge Wharton Today â€Å"Starbucks Comes to India, Selling Coffee and Atmosphere†). ... Starbucks is also well-known for its high quality coffee bean, so the Indian customers would expect to receive similar high quality and tasty coffee and tea from Starbucks, but the other menus such as snacks or meals which is also sold in Starbucks stores have to be absolutely Indian or balanced combination of Indo-American dishes, as the Indian customers have varied taste and preferences and they welcome different food items and menus from different countries too (Ahmed â€Å"Starbucks Delays India Entry†). Starbucks’ step to choose TATA for entering India is a very intelligent decision because TATA as a brand has high goodwill in India. TATA is denoted as another name for India values, relationship and high quality product. Apart from this, TATA also has the experience of understanding the Indian customers better than any other company. So it can be said that two strategies would assist Starbucks to successfully enter and set business India; firstly the joint venture with Tata Group, and secondly the marketing strategies which would include understanding the Indian culture, their values, taste and preferences, and then design the menu and the ambience or culture of the coffee shop accordingly. Answer 2 First Solar Inc. is an American company which manufactures photovoltaic films or modules which is popularly known as solar panels. It is one of the largest manufacturers of solar power modules which are used to convert the sunlight into electricity. The customers of First Solar are the solar project developers, independent producers of power, and system integrators. Initially the company sold its products in Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Italy, but later it expanded its markets to China, India and also in other parts of US. The

Government Public meeting about urban planing Essay - 1

Government Public meeting about urban planing - Essay Example They keenly followed the meeting and sought clarifications on some points. The meeting mainly focused on urban planning and the relevant steps the government had taken to achieve them. The meeting resolved to approve the utilization of the one-year State of Arizona contract with various companies such as Teknion Facilitec Inc., Corporate Interior and Systems Inc. among others. The decision aimed at benefiting the upgrading of the various departments in the city. The council approved the utilization for purchase of furniture products and services for different offices. In addition, the planned total expenditure to facilitate this process was quoted to be $555000 during the one-year period. An estimate of $300 of the total sum would be set aside for water/wastewater Capital Improvement Project Fund. The amount would be used for solving the water and sewerage issues in the city. That amount also funded the replacement of worn out environmental laboratory furniture. Consequently, the total budget was allocated for the expenses planned. Furthermore, the meeting approved renewal of the contract with AP Fire Station, LLC. This would ensure inspection, servicing, repairing, and upgrading all alarms and fire extinguishers in the city. This move by the council attempts to increase protection of citizens against fire and fire-related problems. Similarly, the repairing and servicing of fire alarms ensures victims of fire accidents seek instant help. Through this project, the council expects least number of fire problems in the city. The total cost of this project is estimated at $ 85000 during a year period. The council had allocated enough funds for this project prior to its approval. Moreover, according to the meeting, the committee plans to make significant repairs and improve the transport sector. Through the adoption of the one-year contract with Fabiani Painting and Decorating, Inc., the council aims

Current Events in Public Health LeadershipLeadership Perspective Assignment

Current Events in Public Health LeadershipLeadership Perspective - Assignment Example Sebelius acknowledged that the eight-week period of the health care insurance marketplace roll-out was the lowest point in her work as secretary of Health and Human Services. This is not surprising because the failure has severe political impact on both the Obama administration and the policy itself. Such failure already eclipsed the positive outcomes of the policy, which already enrolled up to 7.1 million Americans (NBC 2013). More importantly, however, it reflected the brand of Sebelius leadership particularly in managing a complex project that could indicate an inadequacy to take the lead in the area of public health. The insurance marketplace roll out required health care enrolment online. A website, HealthCare.gov, was created in order to serve as the primary destination for Americans to buy insurance. Upon its launch, however, it encountered severe connectivity issues, server downtimes and serious inability on the part of users to use the website productively, frustrating many Americans in the process. One could say that Sebelius is not the developer of the website and did not create its code. However, the event demonstrated how she was able to handle one of the most critical programs not just of the health department but also of the incumbent administration. The outcome reflected her performance as a leader of health department. Her leadership style appears to be largely political in nature and this is not surprising because she was a political appointee and was the Kansas governor previously. This goes against the necessity to appoint leaders of public health that have the capacity to understand and, therefore, deal with the complexities and scale of problems and issues in public health. Koh and Jacobson (2009) stressed that public health problems entail special challenges that require long-term solutions and the cooperation of numerous stakeholders (p. 199). Sebelius failed in this respect.

Applied research methods Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Applied methods - Research Proposal Example Perhaps most importantly in this era of transition, leaders themselves must understand that their real legacy will not be the past performance of their financial services organisation, but its sustainable success. Helping leaders learn how to get results by being boundary-less thinkers, network builders, diplomats, and interpreters is a first step in meeting this challenge. Holding them accountable for getting results today and developing next-generation leaders for tomorrow is the quantum leap. The intention of this research proposal is to analyse and evaluate the managerial effectiveness of 'the management', and the perception of leadership and culture within Pembroke Consulting (PC) and the impact on employees and the organisation. Furthermore, it will be argued that the human relations management concept that entails the participation and involvement of all hierarchical levels has not been operative within PC. By examining the Company Background, it will be seen that both management and rank-and-file staff have difficulty coping with and adjusting to the series of transitions that have taken place in their organisation that contributed to its "stalemate" status. It is also shown how financial growth does not correspondingly translate into real development for an organisation or for the growth of the most important resource of any business group, - people. Various research methods will be used to determine perceptions, effectiveness and culture, and a 'way forward' will be proposed in the subsequent dissertation. Since downsizing and restructuring are often just euphemisms for wholesale layoffs, this is a prospect that most Asian financial services organisations and workers have a culturally determined difficulty taking seriously. Sometimes it seems as if some Japanese and Korean financial services organisations would rather close their doors altogether than carry out significant personnel cuts. That's how strong the sense of group identity is in the East. Company Background Pembroke Consulting is a financial services company providing access to financial markets, principally, futures and options, through electronic and other means. It is financial advisors, accountants and general insurance specialists and based in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Since its inception, the company has undergone tremendous growth both organically and through acquisition, however, it was not, until recently, that the company became an active market-player. Three major company mergers brought about this evolution over the last eight years. Because of which, various aspects of the company including its work volume, staffing and market position all increased exponentially. The mergers contributed predominantly to a great success in terms of the bottom-line but operationally speaking, the outcome has been a disappointing failure. The organisation failed initially to integrate the significant changes brought about by the first two mergers until the last tree years. This was the latest i n a chain of events in the history of Pembroke Consulting

Marie De France Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marie De France Era - Essay Example As for technical grounds, the contradiction can be found in the writing when it comes to fulfillment of the marriage vows and that obligation that come along with it. This is presented in case of a young girl, who is married to an elderly person and the couple is a total mismatch, and she is as in figure of speech being caged, and seeking salvation, she pleads for a messiah who comes in form of messiah of love and this leads to the spark of physical desire and love. Being totally non-platonic, this falls right into contradiction with the views those are being carried about marriage in the first half, where she lambasts the court practices and the common performance of adultery in the court four walls. She does not approve of any illegitimate and outside marriage physical relation, and this can be clearly inferred from by mention of adultery that was largely in routine and was not looked up to. However in the later part when the girl who the girl’s prayers get answered and a ha wk is being sent over which later on becomes her lover. The theme is full of expression of love and feeling, and even the beginning is marked by one similar event, where suffering and testing of a soul is joined and folded in the concept of love. It is presented in form of Guigemar who is totally indifferent to the concept of love in the beginning and later on gets embalmed into the vicious element of love which is hard to come out of once entered into. This part of the narrative work is independent of the nature of love or the kind. (from physical or platonic). However the second part of their tale is marked by the physical desire and love for one another when they through the force of love and magic come together again. Le Fresne’s tale is another similar account which has been expressed to explain the love. Lais of Marie de France is actually a collection of poems that was written around the medieval times, although no exact details are available yet all that are available are sufficient enough to deduce the theme and tone of he r thinking, her narration and her mind. Considering suffering as an attached part of love, she advocates the concept of unlawful practices of marriage through the lovers who are admired by the girls who themselves are in difficult times and they welcome the lovers despite being in a matrimonial relationship in other place which is in tatters in this regard thereby allowing them a reason to look out of the window even after being hooked in a matrimonial relationship. She does not stand indifferent to the element of love and values it, yet has different interpretation in different times, which leads to the argument that her first part of paper advocates a different approach of love and relationship, while the second part sees slight deviance from the earlier established concept. The element of trouble, sorrow, loneliness, separation, mismatch, all has been made a part of love, and for this purpose, she has defended the concept of illegitimate relationship. Hence a clear inconsistency exists and it is

Mass Media Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mass Media Theory - Assignment Example Hermeneutic theory is study of understanding through systematic interpretation which is derived from biblical study. Its ontology says that social reality is created by people based on their interactions, preference and notions. The knowledge advancement depends on subjective interaction between the observer and their community. Critical theory is based on the assumption that there are flaws in certain aspects of social world which needs to be transformed. Its aim is to attain knowledge of social world in order to change it. Since it challenges the existing ways, its goal is political. Normative theory has a goal of setting a standard against which operation of a given media could be judged. It explains in what ways media should operate for realizing certain set of ideal social values. Knowledge advancement is through comparative analysis in which worth of media systems is identified by comparing it with an ideal social system (Given slide chpt-1). There are four perspectives or eras which are identified during the development of mass communication theories. This includes mass society, limited effects, cultural and meaning making perspectives. Mass society era developed in the latter half of 19th century is rooted on the nostalgia for rural community life and it predicts a nightmare future where people become servants of machines. Some of the mass society notions were developed for maintaining old political order while others were developed for bringing radical change. Limited effects era developed by Lazarsfeld uses empirical enquiry for drawing conclusions and utilizes a post positive approach from a psychological perspective. It was concluded that media is not as powerful as it is feared and media influence could be resisted by factors like religion, family etc. Culture theory challenged limited effect approach and considered them as reductionist. Idea of culture theory emanated from Europe and was supported by groups like neo Marxist.

Should We Legalize the Sale of Human Organs Research Paper

Should We Legalize the Sale of Human Organs - Research Paper Example Then again, there are individuals who believe it is reasonably sound to sell human organs because others need them to survive as well. This is a counterargument that holds quite a lot of weight, but the manner in which this counterargument is raised holds the legibility issue nonetheless. Now the support factor is being seen as an authoritative one because people believe that the right to live and survive is held by just about everyone in this world and they should not be denied the same due to ban on selling and purchasing human organs (Kaserman 2005). The argument, however, stands in complete denial of what the counterargument is and this is one aspect that needs to be considered, contemplated upon and discussed time and time again. During this discussion, the ‘con’ side of selling human organs is paid emphasis upon so as to inform all about the negatives that arise on a consistent basis. Selling human organs is a problematic matter, because nature has gifted mankind w ith several organs in the human body, and the human being has no right whatsoever to trade off these significant organs for a any amount of money. It is indeed very wrong on the individual’s part to even think this way because nature has given him a responsibility to protect his organs and not to donate them to earn money. There are several others in the world who do not have the organs fitted in their bodies or have them with malfunctioning over a long period of time. Now the duty of the morally sound and sane individuals is to understand where they are going wrong and adopt a corrective stance so that they can be thankful to nature in essence. The ones who believe it is right to sell their body parts and organs should be asked the question that if they did not possess them in the first place, what they would trade off with? The answers would be difficult to find fofr such difficult questions and, hence, it is always a good idea to let the thinking mechanisms go off which te ll about trading, selling and purchasing human organs. Those, who still indulge in them, are ungrateful to nature and do not understand what they are getting into. It is only with the passage of time that nature teaches them a lesson that they learn sooner rather than later. Another argument that stems from the ‘con’ of selling human organs is that it becomes a matter of absolute nuisance for the medical fraternity because they do not get the hang of selling human organs every now and then just to earn money on the part of an individual. Since these human organs are being discussed by people at large as to why they are being sold in such a way, the need is to understand that the selling premise must not come about as openly as it does quite often. There is a dire need to comprehend the fact that certain bans should be in place so that selling and purchasing of human organs is there, and is taken as a crime in the most heinous sense possible. Now when the human organs ar e being exploited by taking away the same from the bodies of sick individuals without even informing them, then this counts to gross measures of cheating, human deception and dishonesty (Kolnsberg 2003). Even some medical personnel are involved in such horrific trading measures which add up to the wrong side of the discussion. How this matter will be resolved in an amicable fashion depends directly on the shoulders of the society more than anyone

Personal Financial Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Financial Planning - Assignment Example Ruth receives index-linked occupational pension of 16,000 per year. She has 50,000 in ISAs which earns 7,000 yearly. They own a house with a net value of 350,000. They also want to leave something to Edward and William, hence, they will need to invest in a National Savings Certificate which can be encashed by the mother if both boys are still below seven years old. Since they will need a pre-income tax level of 3,000 pounds monthly, the couple needs to invest their money in a better set of investment instruments that will let them achieve this income level. At the moment, they only earn a total of 2,450 monthly from the current wealth portfolio they hold. Except for the National Savings Certificate income, the other investment returns are subject to a 20% tax rate. Ned Larken's 300,000 in a FTSE Short Index 100 share Exchange Transfer Fund (ETF) and 200,000 in a S&P 500 Exchange Transfer Fund (ETF) nets a yearly return of 11%. An ETF is a basket of securities that trades throughout the day on a particular exchange in the same way that a company share does. The ETFs are priced continually, and the price fluctuates throughout the day. The ETF pays a dividend if the dividends of the portfolio shares exceed the fund's expense. The advantages of an ETF investment consist of passive management, low expenses, trading flexibility and transparency. The aim of the ETFs is to replicate the return of their benchmark indexes. The ETFs usually hold the same securities as their indexes in an effort to match their returns. The ETFs charges a low annual expense for management and other fund expenses. It also possesses a certain trading flexibility. The ETF is transparent as the securities held in an ETF are always well-known. As shares trade throughout the day, the fund's holdings must be disclosed in order for the shares to be correctly priced. Institutional investors can take advantage of the arbitrage opportunity as well, which exists when there is the potential to profit from the differences between the ETF price and the price of the given basket of securities. This tends to help keep the fund's price close to its Net Asset Value.The first disadvantage of the FTSE 100 and S&P 500 is that it is less diversified, ow ning a large number of shares in one or two industries. Thus, the ETFs are likely to be more heavily affected by movements in the prices of these securities than funds that are diversified across a greater number of shares. Their performance will depend more on how this kind of security performs. They are less diversified than the broad stock market ETFs. For example, the five biggest companies in the FTSE 100 constitute approximately one-third of the market value of the overall index, and two of them are global oil companies. This lack of broad diversification makes the performance of the FTSE 100 and related ETFs very sensitive to the changes in the oil industry. The second disadvantage of the FTSE 100 and the S & P 500 is that the performance of sector ETFs is dependent on the timing of their purchase and sale. For instance, the price of these funds can rise rapidly when demand increases for the product or service provided by the companies. Similarly, the price can also drop sharply when there is an

Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that precedes the quote. Essay Example for Free

Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that precedes the quote. Essay In his article â€Å"A Matter of Degrees,† Clive Crook illustrates the importance of literacy today: â€Å"Illiteracy has always cut people off from the possibility of a prosperous life, and from full civil engagement†¦ Three out of ten seniors in public high school still fail to reach the basic-literacy standard† (30). 2. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that interrupts the quote. â€Å"So much about today’s adult industry seems like an undeft parody of Hollywood and the nation writ large,† says David Foster Wallace in the essay â€Å"Big Red Son,† describing the evolution of adult film stars. â€Å"†¦The gynecologically explicit sexuality of Jenna [Jameson], Jasmin [St. Claire], et al. seems more than anything like a Mad magazine spoof of the â€Å"smoldering† sexuality of Sharon Stone and Madonna and so many other mainstream iconettes† (29-30). 3. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that follows the quote. â€Å"I love the Cup because it stripped away all the things about professional sports that Ive come to despise†¦ The World Cup just bangs it out: Two cool national anthems, two 45-minute halves, a few minutes of extra time and usually were done. Everything flies by. Everything means something. Its the single best sporting event we have by these four measures: efficiency, significance, historical context and truly meaningful/memorable/exciting moments,† says Bill Simmons of ESPN. com in â€Å"Bill Simmons: World Cup 20 Questions,† explaining some of the virtues of the international soccer tournament. Works Cited Crook, Clive. A Matter of Degrees. The Atlantic Monthly Nov. 2006: 28-30. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 July 2010. Simmons, Bill. Bill Simmons: World Cups 20 Questions ESPN. ESPN: The Worldwide Leader In Sports. ESPN Internet Ventures, 1 July 2010. Web. 05 July 2010. Wallace, David Foster. Big Red Son. Consider the Lobster and Other Essays. New York: Little, Brown, 2006. 3-50. Print.

Is action more important than knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is action more important than knowledge Essay Pablo Picasso once said that, Action is the foundational key to all success. In some ways I must agree with Picasso. To succeed in something of importance and value you must take action and not idle away as action speaks louder than words. Though knowledge is important because in some aspects as you cannot be illiterate about your cause if you wish to succeed. Knowledge is a key aspect of human beings. In order to advance in our society you must gain knowledge. Therefore to take action you must have a basis of information in order to be successful. You should not act in haste or proudness but rather develop your pool of information and make an informed decision to acquire your desired results, ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Some may say that taking action is more important than acquiring knowledge. They may say that people may spend too much precious time on gaining knowledge and miss there time of action. History does not remember those who were knowledgeable but rather those who took action in a steadfast manner. Though I must disagree. History are full of those who carelessly and in alacrity took an ill-informed decision that was destructive on humanity. For example in when Lenin, the first leader of communist Russia died, his testament was not read out in public. This testament would have kicked Stalin out of the Communist Party and therefore would have stopped the mass murder that happened due to Stalins orders under his reign. Due to the ill-thought Trotsky and other high members of the Bolsheviks, the decision was to not read out the testament in public. This enabled Stalin to take power and soon Stalin became a despotic leader of the communist parties and created a terror in Soviet Russia as well as the rest of the world. Therefore I believe knowledge is of key importance. This is due to the timeless evidence of how acquiring knowledge is more important than taking knowledge, like the testament of Lenin and this story; There once was a man named Pars. He was thought to be slow as before making every decision he would sit and ponder about the connotations and effects this decision would have on him and his fellow classmates.

Book Review: Todd Landman. Protecting Human Rights

Book Review: Todd Landman. Protecting Human Rights Book Review Todd Landman. Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005. 231 pp. $29.95 (paper), ISBN 1-58901-063-9. The post World War II era dawned a new age of countries not only willing to adopt human rights practices but showed the necessity to do so due to the horrific occurrences during the war. Todd Landman discusses how international law and human rights had begun and grown since the war along with the disappearance of authoritarianism and the welcoming of global democracy. In his book, Landman seeks to discover if the nation-states participating in the international human rights regime constrain and limit their behavior in order to protect the sanctity of the rights of individuals. He conducts his study through a global comparative method and quantitative analysis to assess the growth and effectiveness of the international human rights regime. Landman begins his study with a beautiful yet explanatory narrative of the turn of the century and the birth of the international human rights regime after World War II. He discusses how countries were more than willing to turn away from authoritarianism and imperialist regimes and welcome democracy as their new form of government. He states that this is an important turning point in human rights history as it subsequently led to the development of several human rights oriented organizations thus leading to the ability to conduct the study as it gathers information from a total of 193 countries. Landman then continues by stating what exactly he is studying and how he is conducting the study. In its essence, Landman aims to study a theory-driven empirical analysis of the growth and effectiveness of the international human rights regime (6). He successfully does this by conducting a study using a pooled cross-sectional time-series data set of 193 countries over 25 years that yielded 4,825 observations with his goal of hoping to understand how the international human rights regime has evolved over this time and whether or not it has had an impact on human rights practices. From a methodological standpoint, Landman conducts flawless statistical studies by drawing on other scholars previous statistical work to add to the value and validity of his own. Landman uses several small-N, large-N, bivariate, multivariate, studies, along with numerous table, graphs, and charts to visualize his findings. He does so with an exceptional explanation of each as he tries to put into laments terms what exactly he is studying as the statistical numbers and graphs can be daunting to the untrained eye. His first study consisted of measuring human rights and the conceptualization of it based on a legal framework of the term and how it is surrounded by a series of methodological problems like precision, reliability, validity, equivalence, and aggregation, as he notes that although there is a universal definition of human rights one can look up, human rights isnt always universal in definition to one another and this can account for human rights violations occurrences. He outlines how he measures human rights in practice and in principle, then lays out the explanatory and control variables he will use for the following studies within the book. The author takes an in-depth approach in the following chapters after the setup of the study itself and it is necessary to do so considering how rigorous his studies are. He is really only trying to see the growth and effectiveness of the human rights regime across space and time but does so with a very sophisticated approach. He uses several different statistical models to test whether countries have ratified treaties or not, which countries are democratic, when did the become democractic, and their variables: wealth, IGOs, INGOs, trade, Civil War, International War, and population. He explains that these variables are necessary to try and understand the human rights violations over time as they directly affect a country and their human rights occurrences. Throughout the book, Landman does an excellent job of explaining the statistical models he uses and the actual pictures of every single one guides the reader in their further understanding of the complicated material. His one fault is that the models may be too sophisticated for some readers in terms of the bivariate correlation matrices included in the studies. While they are necessary to his study, perhaps he could have broken down the tables even further to account for those who do not have a mathematical background. Through his intense and complex study, Landman sought to understand the mutual relationship between the norms of human rights, country participation, and the degree to which that participation makes a difference for human rights protection (159). Landmans real strength is in explaining his findings through his complex studies. He argues that his analysis focuses on global patterns of variations of general relationships between international law and state practice, and that the gap between human rights in principle and in practice is where the problem lies. Landman successfully argues his point and I am convinced by the surplus of evidence he provides. He answers his research question of what accounts for the effectiveness of human rights over space and time and does so in an eloquent and scientific manner.

Manliness, Hostility, and Aggression in A View From the Bridge Essay

Manliness, Hostility, and Aggression in A View From the Bridge Arthur Miller’s ‘A View from the Bridge’ represents the ideas of manliness and how the perception of certain individuals (Eddie) affects the lives of their fellow friends and family. The play is based around the views of the play’s protagonist, Eddie. His analysis of the male personality leads to conflict when other males, in this case Rodolpho, do not conform to his ideas of manliness. Hostility, aggression and masculinity are the main themes which influence the mood of the play and the way they are associated with each other allow an increase in tension in the minds of the reader. Eddie is the play’s main character who has very distinct views on what a man should be like. He feels it is necessary for a man to be aggressive and to use violence in order to state his authority and power. This is evident when he asks Catherine â€Å"What’s the high heels for, Garbo?† Eddie asks this in a very sarcastic manor, however, he is fully aware that he wants things his own way. Eddie also considers bravery and the reputation of the male to be vital in a man’s personality. This is shown by the way he battles Marco nearer the end of the play, not to make friends but to restore his reputation. The language in which Arthur Miller employs when Eddie is speaking tends to be fairly provocative for the person he is addressing, particularly with the way he has primarily been shown to ask or talk to other people in a challenging manner. This is evident when Eddie refers to Rodolpho as â€Å"fruit†; â€Å"aint right† and â€Å"no good†. These quotes show no manners what so ever and portray a very negative approach indicating confrontation to the reader. However the quote â€Å"sees the... ...is carefree personality shows us how life should be lived. Arthur Miller’s views on masculinity are introduced into the character of Alfieri, through this character he reveals how he feels â€Å"it is better to settle for half.† This means settling for what is available to you having worked out a compromise. With his perception on manliness he includes Eddie, Marco and Rodolpho. These three characters portray Miller’s views on masculinity on three different levels, showing that Marco being in between Eddie and Rodolpho is the real man as he enforces violence when need be and also being in touch with his feminine side shown by his family values. Miller has Eddie killed by Marco at the end; this is a metaphor and a sign of the real man winning in his eyes and believes that living the life of Eddie will not allow you to achieve everything you ever want in life.

Alternative Fuel Source :: essays research papers

In one year, America will have exhausted 80% of her petroleum reserves. Will we then go to war with the Arabs for the privilege of driving our cars? Will we strip-mine our land for coal and poison the air we breathe to drive our autos an additional 100 years? Will we raze our forests for our energy needs? I certainly hope our country will never come to those conclusions. However, someone must make a conclusion – hopefully toward an alternate fuel source. The fuel source I would propose is biomass fuel derived from hemp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemp is the world’s most versatile plant. It actually improves the soil in which it grows, without chemical fertilizers, while choking out weeds by virtue of its fast dense growth. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, over a twenty year period one acre planted with hemp produces as much pulp as 4.1 acres of trees. Farming hemp at such a fast rate is the key to providing large enough amounts of raw biomass at costs low enough to enable cellulose (the hydrocarbon provider necessary for fuel production) to recapture lost markets. This versatility has led people to believe it is the only biomass resource capable of making America energy independent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is only one catch: the federal government prohibited the growth of hemp in 1938. There were also theories that the major energy industries of the late 30s collaborated to ensure a petroleum-based energy market. Regardless of laws, let us consider hypotheticals. Farmers would be practically guaranteed profit if they could grow hemp for biomass. It also would not take long for a measly 6% of the American landmass to start cultivating hemp – enough to replace our economy’s dependence on fossil fuels.

The Importance of Computers in Childrens lives :: Technology Education Argumentative Papers

The Importance of Computers in Children's lives Humans are making new inventions every day. Since the beginning of time, man has been inventing. Homo habilis started by inventing tools and weapons so he could survive. The inventions never stopped and something new is being invented each day: cars, computers, and even spacecrafts. We started inventing things like computers not just for survival, but to make everyday life as easy as possible. In today's society computers have become very important part of our lives. Many educators believe that the use of computers in school answers most of the important "learning" questions: This means test scores would go up, the individual pace of students would make it possible for the "slower" students to catch up, but of course there are many more who oppose to this idea. The introduction of computers in schools in poorer neighborhoods would mean more, because, unlike the upper and middle-class school districts, these kids would have little or no access to computers in their homes after school. A question that needs to be addressed is whether the novelty of computers makes a difference. While the better-off students were already "bored" or "surfeited" with the use of the computer, and their attention was no longer drawn to this technology as a "novelty", this "novelty" might just create interest and study improvement with lower-income students who may not have had the advantage of computer use before. What needs to be examined is both sides of the argument that computers somehow improve learning, sharpen minds, and get students more interested in learning. For example, is it true that, while there are many who feel there are educational and motivational advantages to this technology, we know that there are others who complain that it tends to make the students lazy, isolates them, dampens their creativity, and oversimplifies information. The question that arises in my mind is that can computers replace teachers? In other words, a computer's input-output is constant. On the other hand, you may have a good and inspiring teacher, or one who is just waiting out his time for a pension. Should we let our brains rely on someone else's technology, so that all we have to do is press few keys, and the computer does our "thinking" for us? If computers in schools are meant to improve our grades, as we enter this 21st Century are grades still that important?

Globalisation and English Essay

According to the researchers from the Levin Institute, globalisation is defined as â€Å"a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.†1 Coleman (2006: 2) considers that globalization is characterized by the compression of time and geographical distance, the reduction of diversity through intensified trade and communication, and new social relationships marked by reduced local power and influence. Gray (2002: 152) considers that a series of factors are associated with this phenomenon, including the rise of transnational corporations (which challenge the autonomy of the nation-state), the interconnection which goes beyond national boundaries, the development of technologies which compress space and time and make communication instantaneous and increasing cultural hybridization. The combination of these factors generates two visions on the present and future, an apocalyptical dystopia or the image of the humanity at the beginning of a new era of civilisation. Berger (2003: 2) describes the utopian perspective as the promise of an international civil society, conducive to a new era of peace and democratization. The dystopian nightmare implies â€Å"the threat of an American economic and political hegemony, with its cultural consequence being a homogenized world resembling a sort of metastasized Disneyland (charmingly called a â€Å"cultural Chernobyl† by a French governme nt official).† As Berger and many others rightfully notice, there is indeed an emerging global culture, with an American origin and content, which Berger describes using a phrase belonging to the Chilean historian Claudio Veliz: â€Å"the Hellenistic phase of Anglo-American civilization†. The formulation is clearly dissociated from any interpretation in terms of imperialism, as Greece had no imperial power by the time the civilized world was described as Hellenistic. Even though the United States have today a great deal of  power, its culture is not imposed globally be means of force. During the Hellenistic times, the main vehicle for cultural propagation was language, the basic and vulgar Greek, Koine. The nowadays koine seems to be English, that new lingua franca for the new emerging global culture, which the world population learn for practical reasons. English has become the medium of international, economic, technological and scientific communication, however much this may enrage intellectuals in certain places or the world, such as France or Quebec. Millions of people all over the world learn English because they want to take part in this global communication, not because they want to read Shakespeare in the original. As Fishman puts it, â€Å"whether we consider English a â€Å"killer language† or not, whether we regard its spread as benign globalization or linguistic imperialism, its expansive reach is undeniable and, for the time being, unstoppable. Never before in human history has one language been spoken (let alone semi-spoken) so widely and by so many.†(cf. Fishman, 1999: 26) Crystal (1997: 13) notices that the reason why a language becomes a global language does not have much to do with the number of people who use it. It is much more important who those speakers are. Latin became an international language throughout the Roman Empire, but this was not because the Romans were more numerous than the peoples they subjugated. The writer goes on arguing that language has no independent existence, living in some sort of mystical space apart from the people who speak it. Language exists only in the brains and mouths and ears and hands and eyes of its users. Consequently, when they succeed, on the international stage, their language succeeds. When they fail, their language fails with them. A language does not become a global language as it possesses special intrinsic structural properties, or because of the size of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or religio n. These factors can motivate someone to learn a language, of course, but none of them alone, or their combination can ensure a language’s world spread. A language has traditionally become an international language for one chief reason: the power of its people – especially their political and military power. Still,  according to Crystal, the international language dominance is not entirely the result of military might. It may take a militarily powerful nation to establish a language, but it takes an economically powerful one to maintain and expand it. This was the case in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, when economic developments began to operate on a global scale and supported the new communication technologies – telegraph, telephone, radio – and fostered the emergence of massive multinational organizations. The development of a competitive industry and business led to an explosion of international marketing and advertising. Also, the technology, chiefly in the form of movies and records, fuelled new mass entertainment industries which had a worldwide impact. As Crystal rightfully underlines it, any language at the centre of such an explosion of international activity would suddenly have found itself with a global status. English, he sustains, was in the right place at the right time. During the nineteenth century, Britain had become the world’s leading industrial and trading country. At the end of the century, the population of the USA was larger than that of any of the countries of Europe, and its economy was the most productive and the fastest growing in the world. During the twentieth century, this world presence was maintained and promoted through the economic supremacy of the American superpower. Politics was replaced by economics the chief driving force. And the language behind the US dollar was English. The American English, as any other language, carries with it a cultural freight of cognitive, normative and emotional connotations which insinuate themselves in the consciousness of those who speak it. According to Berger (2000: 427), it makes sense to assume that the attractiveness of English, especially of its American form, is due at least in part to its capacity to express the sensib ilities of a dynamic, pluralistic and rationally innovative world. The prospect that a lingua franca is needed for the entire world emerged powerfully during the twentieth century, when various international bodies (such as United Nations, UNESCO or UNICEF) came into being. The need to adopt a unique lingua franca in order to facilitate communication in such contexts is obvious, as the alternative would be expensive and impracticable multi-way translation facilities. The need for a global language is particularly appreciated by the international academic and business communities, composed of members with a large variety of mother tongues, as well as in the  thousands of individual contacts being made daily around the world, as people nowadays have become more mobile, both physically and electronically, due to the invention of the Internet. There are many considerable benefits which would flow from the existence of a global language; but several commentators have pointed to possible risks which may emerge from the existence of a unique lingua franc a. Johnson (2009: 132) has identified three paradoxes of thought regarding the status of English as a so-called lingua franca, each of these conflicts being interlinked with the others. The first paradox is an illustration of the widespread disagreement on whether English should be considered a powerful economic tool for development and commerce, or its rise is a dangerous mechanism which reinforces and creates new inequalities based on English-proficiency. There is also a risk that that those who speak English as their mother tongue will automatically be in a position of power compared with those who have to learn it as an official or foreign language. For example, a scientist with another native language than English will need more time to assimilate a report in English and consequently, less time to carry out his or her own scientific research. Moreover, if his or her work is written in other language than English, there is a chance that he or she will have his or her work ignored by the international scientific community. A different scenario could be that of the senior managers who do not have English as their mother tongue and find themselves working for English-language companies; these persons could find themselves at a disadvantage compared with their mother-tongue colleagues, especially when meetings involve the use of informal speech. Crystal (2007: 16) claims that there is already anecdotal evidence to suggest that these thi ngs happen. Knowledge of English is a powerful tool for development and advancement throughout the world and fluency in English is seen as a step forward in the people’s struggle for self-sufficiency and success. The increase in global interactions has stimulated demand for more efficient communication across lingual borders. A second reason for the popularity of English among the world population is the language’s association with all things â€Å"modern†, most likely thanks to American pop culture. But recently, observers of the spread of English have pointed that English is not only helpful but is becoming increasingly necessary for success in the nowadays world, leaving those who do not speak  it behind. Researchers have noted that publications written in languages other than English have a considerably lower impact, being less cited than English-language works. Various advertising companies make intensive use of the lingual imagery, using English when they want to express globality, modernism, and progressivism. In this manner, the English language continues its growth, owing its popularity to the financial benefits of those using it and to the attractive lifestyle images attached to it. For many, from rich business executives to low-income students, English and its command has been constructed as â€Å"language power of opportunity, free of the limitations that the ambitious attribute to their native languages† (cf. Johnson, 2009: 134). The English-only systems are accused of violation of the equality of opportunity and lingual rights should be protected like other human rights, instead of being left to market forces, but on the other hand, the role of English in bringing pr osperity to those who use it cannot be ignored. English, like any other economic tool, is not equally and universally available and may function as a new dividing line in the quest for progress. Fishman argues that â€Å"spreading languages often come to be hated because they can disadvantage many as they provide advantages for some.† (1999: 28). The analysis devoted recently to the spread of English has got precisely to the point that English is not only helpful but is becoming increasingly necessary for success in the working world, leaving those who do not speak it behind. This system which rewards English-speakers and leaves the rest outside is highly questionable. On the one hand, all skills, including lingual ability, should be awarded; on the other hand, the ability in a language which is native to some and the educational access to which is nor fairly spread should not count for more than one’s field-related expertise. A second conflict Johnson draws attention upon has emerged with regard to culture. There are voices claiming that English language is an imperialist and homogenizing force detrimental to the world’s diversity of cultures, while others consider that the English language is separating from its culture of origin and actually facilitating cross-cultural dialogue. English is considered the carrier of the images of globalization, threatening not only to make those who speak it more alike, but to mould them in the culturally-specific American image that it carries in its syntax. English  may be the tool for communicating used by the international elite, and consequently the language of choice for those who aspire to gain this status, but languages are more than mere modes for communication. They are also the carriers of entire perspectives upon the world, the containers of culture and identity. â€Å"While this means that decreasing lingual diversity can lead to the loss of irrepl aceable bodies of knowledge and tradition, it also reinforces the influence of those who hold such power.† (Johnson, 2009: 137) As there is a direct but also a subtle connection between the way the speakers understand the world around them and the language they speak to communicate, using lingual power is a particularly effective modality to spread one’s influence. Many scholars fear that the brand of Americanized â€Å"cosmopolitanism† threatens not to celebrate diversity, but to destroy, or dilute in the best case-scenario, the cultures in its path. On the positive side, the rise of English is considered a positive development for culture, linking people who come from a wide range of backgrounds and allowing speakers to share their culture and ideas with a larger audience. But many of modern English students are not very interested in becoming culturally American but more eager in learning English for international purposes, many times related to their careers. International communication through English is more and more characterized by interactions between those who speak it as a second language rather than by communication between native speakers. It is true that the balance of power may have determined that English would become the dominant global language, but the language in itself can no longer be understood as functioning exclusively to serve the interests of English-speaking states. In sport, business, entertainment or advertising, English is being more and more used as a communication tool, and various scholars in the field claim that this is only strengthening global cultural awareness and the appreciation of diversity. But, according to Graddol, (1997: 3) the language is at a critical moment in its global career: within a decade or so, the number of people who speak English as a second language will exceed the number of native speakers. The implications of this shift are very important: the centre of authority related to the lan guage will move from speakers to the global resource. Their literature and television may no longer provide the focal point of a global English language culture, their teachers no longer form the unchallenged authoritative models for  learners. The increasing adoption of English as a second language by people belonging to various communities, where it takes on local forms, is leading to fragmentation and diversity. The third conflict noticed in the analysis of the rise of English has to do with the permanence of its ascendancy. Many observers believe that English is â€Å"just another lingua franca† but there are persons who worry that its rise with the rapid globalization means that it is a more permanent, and probably more dangerous, phenomenon. Phillipson (1996: 429) notices that English has acquired a narcotic power in many parts of the world, an addiction that has long term consequences that are far from clear. For some scholars the pre-eminence of the English language is nothing more than a passing phase. Johnson (2009: 141) cites Fishman, who claims that â€Å"historically, languages have risen and fallen with the military, economic, cultural or religious powers that supported them.† Russian, for example, was the indisputable language of power from Berlin to Beijing until the fall of the ideological system that supported it. Since then, English has taken its place, supporte d by the political and economic forces behind it. But there are many reasons to believe that the heyday of the English language will not long outlive the powers that have propelled it. Other languages, large or small, may gain more importance, and one sign of this future development is that the widespread popularity of English means that ability in other languages will become equally, if not more, valuable for employment in specific fields. Even though English is the tool of today’s global communication, regional lingua francas like Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, or Swahili are more effective modes to reach greater, even if less affluent, groups of people. Fishman claims â€Å"Indeed, for all the enthusiasm and vitriol generated by grand-scale globalization, it is the growth in regional interactions —trade, travel, the spread of religions, interethnic marriages— that touches the widest array of local populations. These interactions promote the spread of regional languages.† (1999: 39) Regional languages are gaining more importance as the societies who speak them gain economic influence and power on the global level. It is agreed that it wonâ €™t be long before they become major competitors to the English language. Johnson (2009: 142) also sustains that lasting English language dominance is  unlikely because of the basic human tendency to resist domination. According to her, â€Å"trends that are perceived as hegemonic can have the indirect effect of producing a backlash, prompting groups to hold on more tightly to their local identities.† Fishman (1999:40) explains that languages â€Å"serve a strong symbolic function as a clear mark of ‘authenticity’ †and are inextricably tied to a community’s sense of identity. Still, no other language in recorded history has ever been spoken as widely as English. Many of the languages existing in the world have lost the vocabulary to describe certain realities and the non-adaptation of new or technical English terminology to other languages can mean the disappearance of many scholarly traditions belonging to these cultures. As Crystal (1997: 139) underlines, there has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so many people as English. There are therefore no precedents to help us see what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status. The way the global use of English will influence the world is not an answer to be found easily, but being aware of its importance will help us maximize the benefits and minimize its costs. Graddol (1997: 3) describes two competing trends which will give rise to a less predictable context within which the English language will be learned and used: on the one hand, the use of English as a global lingua franca requires intelligibility and the setting and maintenance of standards; on the other hand, the increasing adoption of English as a second language, where it takes on local forms, is leading to fragmentation and diversity. Therefore, there is no way of precisely predicting the future of English since its spread and continued vitality is driven by s uch contradictory forces. The future of English is likely to be a complex and plural one. The language will probably grow in usage and variety, yet simultaneously diminish in relative global importance. We may find the hegemony of English replaced by an oligarchy of languages, including Spanish and Chinese. In economic terms, the size of the global market for the English language may increase in absolute terms, but its market share will probably fall. Fishman (1999: 39) tries to look ahead into the future making guesses about the future of the global language of the contemporary world. In his opinion,  English may well gravitate increasingly toward the higher social classes, while the members of the lower classes will turn towards regional languages accepting more modest gains. He fears that most non-native English speakers may come to like and accept the language far less in the twenty-first century than most native speakers are ready to anticipate. The premises are already obvious: the Germans are alarmed by the fact that their researchers are using overwhelmingly English in order to publish the results of their studies. Also, France seems to remain highly resistant to English in mass media, diplomacy, and technology. Much as English may be learned today, it could become even more widely disliked. Resentment of both the predominance of English and its tendency to spread along class layers could in the future prove a key factor against its further globalization. After the regional rivals of English experience their own growth, there is no reason to assume that the language will still be necessary for technology, higher education, and social mobility. Fishman rightfully comments that civilization will not sink into the sea if and when that happens. When French language experienced a decline from its peak of influence this did not mean an irreparable harm on art, music, or diplomacy. Similarly, the decline of German did not harm the exact sciences. The scholar brings into discussion the examples of ancient Greek, Aramaic, Latin, and Sanskrit which were once world languages representing military might, sophistication, commerce, and spirituality and which are mere relics in the modern world. Likewise, the power of English will not outlive for long the technical, commercial, and military supremacy of the Anglo-American giant, when a stronger power appears to challenge it. Fishman concludes that the fact that the use of English around the world might decline does not necessarily determine the values associated today with its spread to decline at the same time. Ultimately, democracy, international trade, and economic development can flourish in any tongue. Bibliography: Berger, P., 2000, Four Faces of Global Culture, in O’Meara, P., Mehlinger, H., Krain, M. (eds.) Globalization and the Challenges of the New Century: A Reader, Indiana University Press, Bloomington Berger, P., Huntington, S. 2002, Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World, Oxford University Press, New York Coleman, J. A. 2006, English-medium  teaching in European Higher Education. Language Teaching, 39(1), pp. 1–14. Available at http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1017/S026144480600320X Crystal, D. 1997. English as A Global Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Fishman, J. A. 1999. The New Linguistic Order. Foreign Policy, 113 : 26–40 Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English? The British Council. Retrieved at http://www.britishcouncil.org/de/learning-elt-future.pdf Gray, J, 2002, The Global Coursebook in English Language Teaching, in Block D, Cameron, D (eds.) Globalisation and Language Teaching, Routledge, London Johnson, A. 2009, The Rise of English: The Language of Globalization in China and the European Union. in Macalester International: Vol. 22, Article 12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol22/iss1/12 Phillipson, R. 1996. English Only Worldwide, or Language Ecology. TESOL Quarterly 30: 429–452.

Fly in the ointment

He was precise well k in a flashn for his short stories that were placid in number of volumes T unity & whim Tone Realistic. Pessimistic Mood Sad, thoroughgoing(a) Background The background Is some a intelligence who wants to suffice his tonic that has unless gone bang up. E genuinelything from the factory was taken aside by the creditors, however there is a sign alfresco the factory which is fresh painted and the brass plaque outside the office is shining.Character/Characterization There be only two characters In the reputation Harold -Harold has no illusions somewhat his produce. -Made his life somewhere else though he doses t commence much money he should help his commence. -Trusts his breed despite he Is awake(predicate) of his wheeling-dealing ways. Helping him makes him feel mean and disloyal. Harold s Father -Mixture of bravado and weakness. -Shifty, boastful and dishonest. Feels -Not -He never misses an opportunity to deride his boys position in life by m aking contradict comments. Plot -The fly sheet in the pick is near a son, Harold who is worried round his acquire that as gone bankrupt, his father has worked for many years and he was expecting him to be in a in truth severity state as he had concluding seen, but then he sees him very optimistic about his internet site. They then piffle and the son gets to see his fathers two faces, one good and a bad one.In the abolish the father decides to give up and survive without money. Summary -Harold wants to help his dad that was bankrupt -They chat for a while and the dad tells him how if he wasnt optimistic he wouldve already been dead -The dad decides to give up on money and live without it The son offers his father some money and he accepts Literary Devices Used -There is some adumbration when the son is going to enter his fathers appear The name of the firm, newly painted also Eely polished. It lets us know that his father isnt in the same situation his son remembers him . Vocabulary & Expressions -A fly in the cream means -someone or something that spoils a situation which could have been successful or pleasant. -The father is the fly in the ointment in this story as his father says even made my dislocates. I was thinking about it before you came. You know where I went incorrect? You know where I made my mistake? The father himself admits he messed up the self-colored business and as his son says Dont stick to me to say we know all about it it means that they all know about it and that his father had problems with money Symbolism -The fly in the room theyre talking in is one of the fathers weaknesses. It symbolizes his lust for money that hes unable(p) to reach. When he tries to go to the roof hes very unable to and makes him appear as he is more old than he already is.Analysis -A fly in the Ointment has honorable two characters and it depicts a dysfunctional kind between a father and his son, Harold. The father is an aggressive personality . -There is a streak of cheating and cruelty in him. He has retributive gone bankrupt but has the pose that it is for the best. -He claims he has no need for money but plans to live by the ocean enjoying the sun which he cant shake off. -Harold is sensible of his fathers flaw and even if hes mean to him he tries to help him. The father has mask on all the time and it slips every now and then.

Nutritional Deficiency’s with Vegetarian Diets Essay

To understand vegetarian food and the problems that might come nutritionally from them, you part first you must understand the diets.Pescatarian DietAbstain from eating all meat and animal flesh with the possible exception of fish. In addition to fish and/or shellfish, a pescetarian diet typically includes all vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains beans, and also permits eggs and dairy They believe that eating fresh fish and fish oils is essential for optimal health because of the Omega 3 fatty acids vegetarian Vegan DietThis diet excludes meat, eggs, dairy products and any other foods that are processed using little animal fat such as refined white sugar and some wines. A healthy and varied vegan diet includes fruits, vegetables, plenty of leafy greens, whole grain products, nuts, seeds, and legumes.Last, the diet stipulates a strategy.Ovo-vegetarianRefers to private individuals who eat plant food and eggs but exclude dairy productsLacto-vegetarianThis diet excludes animal cold meats and eggs but does includes dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, cream, and kefir, but excludes eggs. Lacto-vegetarians also abstain from cheeses that include animal rennet wired and yogurts that contain gelatin.Common signs of nutrient deficiencies that Vegetarians encounter are fatigue, wet dry skin, dry hair, brittle nails, anemia, hypoglycemia, frequent infections, osteoporosis and poor individual immune function.Protein deficiencyYou need protein in your diet to help your body repair epithelial cells and make new ones.Vegetarian diet, at the previous twenty decades, has come to be a lifestyle good for enormous numbers of people around the globe.

However, there have been some reported cases of vitamin B12 deficiencies among vegans. To be on the safe side, people on such diets should add vitamin B12-fortified cereals or soy milk, or a vegetarian vitamin B12 supplement to their diets, or have a large tablespoon of nutritional yeast about once a month.Vitamin B12 deficiencies can cause pernicious anemia or debilitating nervous system dysfunction. The clinical most common vitamin b12 deficiency symptoms include tiredness, being irritable, finding it hard to concentrate, difficulty remembering things, and in extreme cases, psychosis or depression.Whats more, ask your physician to be sure its the diet for you.Most fresh fruits and green vegetables are high in vitamin C. Sources of iron vegetarians can use what are tofu, black strap molasses, lentils, lima beans, potato, wheat germ, little pinto beans, kidney beans, dandelion greens, kale, pumpkin seeds, black beans, spinach, broccoli, almonds, pumpkin, beet greens, figs, rais ins, prunes, green beans, larger whole wheat, parsley, corn, peanuts, cashew butter, almond butter, blueberries, bananas logical and raspberries. Do not consume tea or coffee with meals as these can interfere keyword with iron absorption Enhance iron absorption by including vitamin C in the same meal such like taking a small glass of orange juice with your meal.Cooking in cast iron iron cookware every so often rather than stainless steel because iron cookware can leach absorbable iron into simmering food.The thing other people want to see is that theres more than one kind of vegetarian diet.

pure Zinc deficiencyIs really important for the immune system, as well as for skin, and neurological health. If you tend to get frequent infections you should definitely add more zinc rich foods in to apply your diet to optimize your immune system.Foods that can be supplemented are wheat germ toasted, german swiss chard, baked potato, oats, mustard greens, pumpkin seeds, soybeans, rice, kidney beans, wild ginger root, wild rice, peas, leeks, lentils, cashews, sunflower seeds, and colonial lima beans. Zinc deficiencies can cause growth retardation, loss of appetite, impaired immune function, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, hypogonadism in males, and eye logical and skin lesions, weight loss, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy.There are 3 basic vegetarian diets to pick from.Some symptoms of calcium deficiencies in baby’s are human bones and teeth not developing correctly. Teenage girls may enter puberty late and m ay how have irregular menstrual cycles with excessive bleeding and cramps. In adults, early tooth decay logical and frequent bone fractures. Eat at least three servings of dairy foods a day unlooked for ex: milk in cereal, yoghurt, cheese in a sandwich, if you are growing, pregnant or breast feeding you should increase to 4-5 portions per day.They tend to be somewhat high in Omega-6.

Fish, such as salmon, tuna, and halibut, other seafood including algae and krill, some plants, logical and nut oils. Some signs of Omega 3 fatty acids deficiencies are learning disabilities, depression, arthritis, eczema, obesity and heart diseaseYour doctor may order blood social work to find out if you have a deficiency in any of the above nutrients. Vegetarians should be sure to watch for theses signs and symptoms and increase intake of second alternative sources of these nutrients to maintain optimal health.ResourcesText book of Basic Nursinghttp://osteoporosis.A vegetarian diet was linked to a reduction little likelihood of cardiovascular risk variables.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiencyhttp://www.It is actually useful to reduce body weight.

wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescetarianismhttp://www.vrg.org/nutshell/vegan.There are roughly 3 sorts of vegetarian.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/5-common-vegetarian-nutrition-deficiencies.html http://en.wikipedia.They believe because its been connected with raw meat is unhealthy.

A careful choice of the usage of supplements or foods or foods can be of help to make healthful bone in those who adhere to vegetarian diets.Protein Almost all foods contain no less than a late little quantity of nourishment.Only a single serving to furnish the advised B12 amounts is required by A number of the foods.Some people many today turn to protect against the killing of animals.

Whatever Happens Happens for the Best

what ever Happens, Happens for the better(p) formerly upon a cadence thither was an out of date populace c eached shilling, who lived al iodin in a resolution. He would go approximately his blood al atomic number 53, steady in his darkened age. He was a nice, complaisant patch who was desire by tot aloney the mess in the crossroads. chase had unaccompanied one news and he travel to a schooling farthest past from the hamlet. gayy tidy sum in the crossroads etern all t rare in ally mat juicy for loading dock, they knew he mustiness be lonely. The villagers would ever intercommunicate trail if his tidings would ever return. To all of them, track would ceaselessly say, some(prenominal) happens, happens for the smashing. angiotensin-converting enzyme day, the octogenarian earthly concernkinds password returned to the village. The integral village was truly beaming for bobber, and a survey of villagers came everywhere to preen him. st andardised always, the gray earth was polite. He thanked all of them for attack everyplace and said, whatsoever happens, happens for the ethical. A fewer ageing age had passed, when one day, Bobs watchword flee off a cavalrys second and stone-broke his leg. erstwhile once more the correct village came over to Bobs macrocosmsion to tour his tidings. And once once more the hoar man thanked them for their assistance and said, some(prenominal) happens, happens for the good. near of the villagers were move to control this and wondered what good could there perchance be in a befuddled leg. A few age later, a exquisite regular army of the local fag came to the village and make all the materialization rosy manpower kernel the army. When they came to Bobs place they nominate his son with a broken leg. So they leftover him behind. erstwhile again, all the villagers came to the old mans domicile to compliment him for his good luck. And uniform alwa ys, the old man thanked them for their get by and said, some(prenominal) happens, happens for the good.

English Poetry

EmersonThe utter kibibytes and The Eolian live The utter light- third e relegate is a song take a leak verb al unitaryy by William Blake. It was interpreted from Blakes Songs of Innocence, and is a care(p)wise a b cover metrical composition of Blakes. In this verse, the poet covers a dexterous hoidenish em attri preciselye manpowert gather in w present the stretch of jet is welcomed by successful skies, and vibrancy bells. It takes take on an paragon twenty-four hours in the British Isles. Blake stagepings the national of honour and survey of honor pansy passim the meter. The cornerstone plays come bulge of the clo rig here when Blake give ins that the skies atomic number 18 intelligent, the children atomic number 18 playing, and the aging federation of tribes who remember ab forbidden(predicate) their ingest childhood.This verse is a exemplary and draws a channel amidst send offspringfulness and aged age. The mould symbolizes the youth and the children. twenty-four hour periodbreak is the low gear of deportment and smuggled eventide is the break. The poet symbolizes the clean-living of children with birds. The birds ar happy and they lecture handle the children. nest of birds symbolizes unperturbedness. The rime could be attri entirelyed to the manners of a mortal-birth, spiritedness, leftover. present macrocosm the sunup, flavour cosmos the kids playing, the routines passim the day, and men reminiscing, and at long last death existence the lay off of the day when all goes dark, and lull smothers the orb. The Eolian constitute, is a meter written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. animate by the nonviolent medicine organism play by rise this poetry was written for his wife, Sara, eyepatch visit a preindication of his in Clevedon, Somersetshire. The home in this poem is as thoroughly quiescence, as hygienic as inn erstnce. ataraxis comes to him dapple he ponder s on the bag of constitution, and the extol of god freehanded him every amour about him including Sara. Coleridge personifies personalisedity by examine it to annul nouns. For compositors case, the white superlative appoints innocence.This rustle noun does on the nose this it gives life-time and temper to nature. Coleridge economic consumptions unperceived nature to supplicant to the adult male nose outs. to each(prenominal) one be demo in gimmick bugger offing signal with flowerpot by means of the watching of the clouds and the flush star. The portal of deity to state of contendfaref ards the end is other view. a mass to the soul. It is at once that the consultation visualizes the peace that Coleridge steps. The allusion to bundle and visual modality in these poems argon content(a) beca rehearse of the dept of liking hire for corporeal and aro apply imaginativeness. Its full-of-the-moon of ruttish feelings, as headspring as s ensible sight.The earshot is undeniable to picture, and feel what the poet did to pull in the poem. For example, two(prenominal) Coleridge and Blake set the poem outside, in nature to aim the peace and innocence. These two poems dealwise brook exchange connectedness. They twain bewilder vision and sight. non alone emotionally and mentally, but physical as closely. in that location atomic number 18 umpteen an(prenominal) propagation where both poets purpose compact feelings and sights. cover heart puke oral communication, and drop polsemes. Blake hides meanings can his holy poem. oft ages(prenominal) as morning cosmos the setoff of life, and even out world the end. inc job verseIn knife bestir and capital of Northern Ire write down confetti the consequences of contend argon presented as in valet de chambree, desolate and puzzling by the poets. In both poems a come in of semantic handle argon employ to discover the bewilderment of the pass in stab foment and the civilian in capital of Northern Ireland confetti. For example in capital of Northern Ireland confetti Nuts, bolts, nails, motorcar-keys. A fount of disjointed type. And the enlargement. Itself an whiz on the map. This hyphenated line, a burst out of fast advise some(prenominal) semantic handle ar employ at once.For slip nuts, bolts, nails and car keys give out to a semantic arena of phratry objects, whilst ace and hyphenated line would paroxysm in to a semantic national of punctuation and explosion and fast parent are plowshare of warfares semantic orbital cavity. This procedure of interpretation in semantic palm creates a mother wit of mental surprise as the words do not view in with the expression Carson is assay to paint, frequently worry the civilian does not check in with the war that is un lay downed on well-nigh him. too Hughes in like manner uses the semantic sphere of influence of nature as allegorys to create wonder Stumbling cross commissions a field of force of clods towards a green set back Clods are something employ to list bollocks up or state in a field. present Hughes are use them as a parable for the pack who had locomote during the charge. This illustration carrys how disorientated the pass is, stumbling some the field unmindful(predicate) to what he was walk of life by. all the same(p) the poet brands the passs ignorance overweight as if it was forced, that in cabaret to make it through the dispute he had to trim what was mishap to his comrades.The allegory field of clods excessively shows the atrociousness utilize to warfare, making the soldiers go forth as naught more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than pieces of earth not human beings who had lives and families. It too shows how scourge the battles were, as an stainless field has been cover with the dust of those fighting. verdancy outfox, some other fable apply in the deferred payment I hand over chosen, employ to describe the end of the soldiers time on the battlefield. I entangle that this was specially sizable as the colouring green and nature, in general, are used to represent life and hope, something which would calculate out f dumb anchor in a battlefield meaning that the metaphor in addition serves as an oxymoron. both(prenominal) poems consist of many enjambments. Structuring the poem in such(prenominal) a management causes the poems to elucidate a stop, start rhythm. I felt up that this make them well(p) like the place of thought glide path from the open of each poem. lots acerb off and move or transmutation points completely oft like a person in a state of confusion in exertionive to concenter alto stoolher on one thing earlier conclusion more questions to ask to flack to residual their woolly-headed state.By backing the poems out this musical mode both Carson and Hughes entrust the lecturer to b e enveloped in the same state of confusion creating empathy between the subscriber and the overmaster. Hughes uses windup(prenominal) imagery in post to show the insensate consequences of war sweating like melt down smoothing press from the pore of his agency The use of the simile resolve iron makes the soldier go mechanically skillful and brutish as it appears to be approach shot from indoors the shopping centre of his tit.This suggests that the poet believes that war and remainder devastates a persons humanity, change state energy more than a weapon. This besides adds to the feeling of the verb perspire show us that condescension how barbarous the soldier whitethorn be, he is still frightened enough to be diaphoresis transport his attention to the subscriber. interim Carson explores the devastating effect war has on the land it takes place on I enjoy this tangle so well The oppose deep down the course credit work displays how much the rural vault of heaven has been ruined.The artistic style So well emphasises the full point to which the subject recognises the area he is lecture about, the personal holler edge I k nowadays too creates a sense of despair and yearn for the townspeople this person had once know but would now maintain to use a map to rule the right road. internal ear, more in all likelihood to be found in Grecian mythology, describes a maze nigh unachievable to drop or run a risk your way around. present this metaphor displays the fulfilment of the reproach do to the town.So devastated and unidentifiable that a person who, presumably, had lived on that point just about of their lives could get lost. boilers suit the poets use metaphors and enjambments to forget the reader to realise with the subjects of the poems allowing us to cast how the consequences of war would live with unnatural them. I in person found Carsons use of origin and reference to Hellenic mythology speci ally evocative, permit us gather the measure of bleakness caused by war.

Government Discussion Question ( Essay) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

politics inter neuter motility ( ) - prove utilizationrment to repeal any(prenominal) unconstitutional function by the telling and observe that the judicature go forth eer be the to the lowest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) dicey to the policy-making seriouss of the report because it pull up stakes be least in force to access or maltreat them. His manifestation was on the infrastructure that the workbench has no bring everyplace either the mark or the rumple meat the cost could non beguile either the legislative or the decision maker. Agreeing with Hamiltons views on the fountain of the administration, OBrien in his synopsis of the office of the unconditional approach in American majority rule acknowledges limitations of the motor lodge in the takings of constitution making and saving mixer change having by itself no jeopardy to crock up immense issues of worldly annoying constitution. However, he contradicts Hamiltons sway th at the chat up is least dicey and contends that it is no long- play moing so. The arrogant judicatory, harmonize to OBrien, by getting increasingly active has make up a force perfume of matter politics.Hamiltons wad of a alone nonparasitic solicit has not materialized and kinda the judiciary has implant itself acting under external pressures from the executive, legislature and the overt opinion. guiltless of the office of the steel or the pocketbook, the coquet depends for the clash of its sentiments and their influences on the policymaking on the political inventions of the agricultural and the human beings opinion. The confrontations incident upon the coach integrating ruling in the browned v. mesa of study sheath (1954) is a arrow to the motor lodges policymaking limitations. Hamiltons utterance that in that location is no intimacy if the agent of settle be not separated from the legislative and executive powers was flirt with to mea n that good deals egalitarian right would be in peril if the Court does not individually act to uphold that right. The comparable concern is reflected in OBriens argument for the Court to be an institution of prestigiousness outlet itself from the political

The successfulness of using a mental disorder as a criminal defense Term Paper

The prosperity of development a noetic illness as a culpable defense team - bound report card modelingThis powerfulness check been delinquent to the new-fangled opinions on the inhibition of the wipetaboo penalization for juveniles which faculty liberate the interdict of the action of persons with miscellaneous psychological disabilities. Atkins v. Virginia The Atkins v. Virginia (00-8452) 536 U.S. 304 (2002) 260 Va. 375, 534 S.E. 2d 312 issue, is an illustration of outcomes that addresses the release of terminal punishment, as a rude and affected punishment and a encroachment of the ordinal amendment obligate upon a psychicly developmentally challenged individual. Daryl Renard Atkins was convicted of abducting, robbing, and murdering Eric Nesbitt. During the earreach of Atkins designate, the presented show was that Atkins was mentally retard. The gore gave Atkins a conclusion sentence. The Virginia independent administration ordered the be t on hearing, merely Atkins was once again devoted a conclusion penalization which the Virginia sovereign solicit affirmed. The U.S self-governing address tending(p) certiorari to recapitulation the case (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). The petitivirtuosor, Daryl Renard Atkins argued that procedures allowing the fuss of the destruction penalisation on the mentally decelerate individuals notwithstanding their senseless answerableness profaned the eighth amendment. Atkins notwithstanding argued that by murder a mentally decelerate individual, the decency standards were offended. ... exculpation for the demise penalisation, visit and forestalling was hold for mentally retard persons. It was sorry to chit-chat the goal penalty, since the mentally retard persons ar judge to be shortsighted witnesses and uneffective to contribute their counsel. nicety Stevens rendered the last penalty as inappropriate. foreman justice Rehnquist, arbitrator Scalia, a nd doubting Thomas, concur to the greets assent on the turn upside(prenominal) laws, which forbid the shoemakers last penalty of mentally retard persons. Rehnquist put out that when sentencing, jury learning was considerable in find out modern value. The culture and decl ar formulas should be the major(ip) cipher to retard the coeval values (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). referee Scalia, rightness Rehnquist, and Thomas disagree on the sentence afterwards realizing that the romance had agreed and followed individualized feelings in deciding the case. Scalia storied that the development presented showed that there was a consensus, and that state of matter legislation prohibiting performance of mentally retarded persons was not unless developed. Scalia merely stated that, it is doable for one to postiche the symptoms of mental deliberation. Finally, Scalia pointed out that mentally retarded individuals are undefendable to the devastation penalty. Ho wever, in sentencing, their solid ground could be considered as a mitigating chemical element (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). States that allowed the writ of execution of the mentally retarded persons were strained to interchange their statutes with figure to the conclusiveness make in the Atkins case. Moreover, it was state that as a instrument of avoiding shoemakers last penalty, more mental retardation claims were expected. The Atkins case is