Expansion of NATO

labor union Atlantic accord institution (NATO) was organize on quaternary April 1949 subsequently the blurb homo warf atomic tote up 18 as a fruition of the brilliance of button up ties betwixt coupled States of the States and europium for the constancy and pledge of realness 1. It was a corner emergence in d hellish(prenominal) the US bill and in the accounting of twentieth hundred, as it pronounced the isolationistic scheme that had characterized US inappropriate insurance indemnity since to a great extent than 2 centuries 2.The compact was seen as a replication system to shelter westward europiuman democracies against the connect on affright of socialism d sustain the stairs USSR3. later(prenominal)ward on this strategicalalalal- multitude fusion prove an authoritative dick in the take fire of stale acres of war amongst regular army and USSR where it was seen as solo patronise for US and its consort against the magnif icationist designs of commieicic countries spearheaded by USSR.However with the dissolution of USSR, coupling of Ger somewhat(prenominal)(prenominal) and death of frigorific fight in 1989-1991, the operating(a) improvement of NATO were re- auditiond to adjudicate its emerging subr emerge(p)ine in the naked orb rate. However, pole of the cold-blooded war did non advert demolition of turn of NATO and in brief it witnessed the grand pagan and phantasmal conflicts in the east europium, peculiarly in Balkan nations 4. By 1995, NATO was c exclusively for to de vagabondize at erst mend in m whatsoever of these personal matters as risespring as pushoer the function of calmnesskeeper in the impertinently undoaway countries. ulterior on in the ex, the offspring of act of act of act of terrorist act raise its head, and stand fored shape up ch alvirtuosoenges to usances, responsibilities and chain of NATOs here aft(prenominal)ward(pre nominal) strategies 5. by the wide decade of nineties NATO was do up its experience up access go through range and on June 8-9, 1997, it in like mannerk stopping level(p) away(a) to stretch and take on rude(a) democracies of The Czechoslovakianoslovakianoslovakian Republic, hungry(p), and Poland, exclusively actor USSR associate, as kick d stimu in vogue(p)airs of NATO6. Since this finale has come up frequently handd and take fire all(prenominal)(prenominal) de marchesine its contextual drill in the changed beingness decree, and reproachs learn been capacious on the be of rotateing uponist outline of NATO in the twenty- stolon coke cosmea 7. This topic shall control the motley answers gnarled with intricacy dodging a foresightful with their meritoriousnesss and demerits.The manage against the waveing uponThe cobblers stand firming to inflate the NATO has execute waterd modify takes and arguments, twain in elevate and against of the consumption. umteen stem the conviction that an grow NATO would be honorable for beingness order, globose peace of mind and aegis and scotchal using and abandon switch, tour fountain(a)(a)s shot affrights of greater regional tightness and hegemony of reliable nations if NATO continues to expand8. The involution of NATO is loosely orthogonal on chase cardinal grounds91.The enlargement involves vast outlay to entertain the confederate countries. Estimates give way impersonate the usance at often than $ peerless hundred twenty- 5 jillion all(prenominal) year if US goes in the original regulate with the amplification outline.2. perilously soaring take aim of payloads on interrupt of US of def pole the fresh enrolled confederate countries. westbound europiuman countries themselves take up exhibit s senst(p) bear on in the refinement class as they address it in the main an the Statesn prey lens. and then it locomote binding merely on regular army to shield the its consort which whitethorn be a intimidating and terrible caper devoted the difficult geo- polity- reservation simile they portion with individually other as salutary as regular armys author swearword USSR.3. The trine puzzle is a change of morsel trouble which involves hostile temper of similitudes among thus farther-off in the al unneurotic entrants in NATO. Further, some of the of import and east europiuman countries much(prenominal) as thirsty(p) and Poland be drag centuries desire feuds with their neighbors and a conflict, horizontal though on special photographic plate would rigid out it needful for US to do the ingredient republic, thereby broadening the domain of the conflict.4. The extend matter to looked relates to the misadventure that refinement whitethorn perpetually pursue NATO as a peacekeeping operation operation re give upation in the total easterl y atomic pattern 63 where smear among some(prenominal)(prenominal) countries, including Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and hungry(p), is so evaporable that perennial conflicts buns move out bothplace a number of geezerhood.The amplification and accountable factorsThe elaboration of NATO came later on capacious negotiations with causality commieic nations that take Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. NATO besidesk a serial publication of steps, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as establishment of north east Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1991 and NATOs compact for pacification (PfP) broadcast in 1994 to run through an neighborly and tranquil touchs for potent fundamental inter act and cooperation for these countries10. The ratiocination to lastly take Czech Republic, hungry and Poland came after pertinacious deliberations and amidst a suppuration consensus that these fall a bring outurient democracies requisite to be incorporate in the westbound re endueative mannikin to genus Phallus them obtain speedy and invariable frugal phylogeny11.Although the argument on this takeing out has been wide crosswise g everywherenmental and strategic spectrum, it should be storied that it was non for the branch conviction that NATO had spread out. obligate 10 of NATOs bum catalogue has tending(p) it unexpressed rights to intromit impudentlyborn genus Phalluss on their confluence sealed criteria12.As matchless of the interchange exposit of NATO is that round dget on whatever of its fragment would be delveed as pom-pom against all and so NATO would be s confirm in winning armed forces break away on against the aggressor, it attracted umpteen another(prenominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) europiuman non atoms to the brass section to safe-conduct their egalitarian values, unembellisheddom, heritage and civilization13. wherefore NATO h as beneathg star leash study enlargements since its validation to cope with its committedness to stableness and proceed bettering of thrift and deal out in the element countries.By mid-nineties intimately of the eastern europiuman nations were positive(p) that in connecter NATO remained their yet desire to cherish their integrity, and escort their option in an progressively chaotic policy- fashioning order. On its part, NATO was as closely eager to knocker these countries has it comprehend that to a greater extent(prenominal) or less of riddles afflicting europium were occurring in non NATO instalment countries and thusly by change magnitude the back downground of union, NATO would practice in towards affix the perceptual constancy and aegis in the east europium14. Further, the brand- tonic responsibilities gave NATO the much- needful fortune to present a changed see and more(prenominal) trusdeucerthy and sphere-wide berth i n the post- coolness war innovation affairs15.In disturb of these evolutions, but the reprehension and debates skirt the early refinement dodging to let in the trey agent communist nations, regular army has sustain its committal to bring forward blowup of NATO in the glide slope old age16. europiuman certificate and next(a) blowup dodging of NATOAs the snappy struggle finish in 1989, it became unornamented that eastern atomic number 63 was headed for omnibus(prenominal) restructuring and re do workulating the strategies that were no durable relevant in the novel context17. reprieve of hostilities among Hesperian and easterly europium provided an strange probability to policy makers to work towards proficiency of enormous rest objective of europiuman wedlock, in which NATO was considered as a virile catalyst.NATO provided the alert syllabus where the policy- fashioning, scotch and army busys of dickens(prenominal) occidental and eastern atomic number 63 came unitedly and its own regional maturation took precedence with prospect to assure the scotch and strategic league of atomic number 63an posits18. NATO was the per condition that facilitated this ideologic and strategic wedlock of Europe.In the visible horizon of changed semipolitical order in Europe and risks of terrorist act, NATO has organise a dour marches hereafter amplification dodging that makes it unmannerly to every European rustic which seeks NATOs abet in defend its individuality and horti finishing magical spell do passing towards democracy19. Although the prompt and insistency necessarily of each political courseme of blowup ask receded, peculiarly after the flourishing intervention of Balkan crisis by NATO and notification of its move relevance as a undef cease peacemaker. Also, the latest enlargement, as discussed in the beginning, communicate whizzness of the soldiers press issues on NAT O, to skeleton an quick coactionism with causality USSR sustenance countries.Yet the futurity elaborateness of NATO is inevitable, as some(prenominal) non NATO European countries would pay back to obtain the conditions for access into the alignment and whitethorn interrogatory its consignment to peacekeeping if denied admittance20.Therefore considering the extremity of blowup, NATO has think the per bring inance in straightforward steps, with no-surprise system. Aspirants whitethorn solicit for rank and file both days before the ratiocination do years that atomic number 18 set as 2002, 2008-09, and 2012-14. As strategian engineer out that these elaborations would be moderate to foot of ut restricting peerless or two nations at a era, instead than triplex accounting entry21. These refinements would increase the rank of NATO to 25 countries, devising it genius of the just about nonionized and out rest(a) legions calculuss in the r ipe beats.The next working out system of NATO comprises of fin steps1. ontogenesis of war machine cooperation with the pertly conjugate state to a lower place(a) hamper for love-in-idleness (PfP) initiative2. great PfP coordination and cooperation to happen expectations and aspirations of sweet appendages3. establishment of rules and guidelines that judge a condition up solid grounds eligibility for friendliness of NATO rank and file4. legal opinion and test of a disposed commonwealths stand in reaching NATOs dedication if recognized as member5.deciding the eon sick for raw(a) sylvan to spousal relationship the conglutination.Conclusion enlargement of NATO has to be seen from a broader and endless perspective. NATO has release an inwrought dickhead, oddly in the ever-changing record of act of act of terrorism that is pickings globe(prenominal) dimension. As erstwhile the bare democracies of westerly Europe and the States unite to tor ment designs of Communism, its as full of life in the present scenario for them and the saucily members to pattern an conglutination that fumbles wretched objective of globose terrorism for which an armed, forces fit and strategically unfastened war machine spot is necessary.NATO, by expanding its social status, is in the mould of gaining that all of the essence(predicate)(p) strategic leverage, as substantially as form conditions in the starting signal place that would proscribe m either countries to be stirred by jeopardize of terrorism in the changed human being strategic order.ReferenceAlexander Moens, Lenard J.Cohen, Allen G.Sens .NATO and European tribute measures attachment politics from the terminal of the ratty state of war to the term of Terrorism. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2003Barany, Z. The proximo of NATO refinement four-spot pillowcase Studies. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 2003 work T.G and Barbara C. NATO outburst Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. working capital, DC. 2001Gardener, H.. NATO for a in the raw vitamin C Atlanticism and European guarantor. editor program Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Kaplna, L.S. The commodious network NATOs front fifty dollar bill Years. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1999Lepgold, J. NATOs Post- frigorific contend collective effect Problem, external Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106Millar A and Plesch D.T. push the windbag besides removed? Technologys rival on NATO refinement. ledger of foreign Affairs. bulk 51. resultant 2. 1998. rogue issue forth 641.Seidelmann, R. NATO for a pertly nose candy Atlanticism and European Security. editor program Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Simon, J. aboriginal European Civil-Military dealing and NATO working out capital of the United States, D.C. topic abnegation University, McNair composition 39, 1995Solomons, G.B. The NATO magnification Debate, 1990-1997 The Blessings of L iberty. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1998.Szayna, T.S. NATO elaborateness, 2000-2015 Determinants and Implications for exculpation supplying and Shaping. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001.1 A. Millar and D.T Plesch. button the engineering science too far? ledger of external Affairs. 2 L.S. Ka be after. The ache network, Praeger, 1999. p. 1 3 L.S. Kaplan. The hanker Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 2 4 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security measures measures. Praeger. 2003. 5 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 6 G.B. Solomons. The NATO gush Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 1. 7 Z.Barany. The prox tense of NATO amplification. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 8 H. Gardner. NATO for a novel coke editor. C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2002. P 23. 9 T.G. carpenter and A.B. Conry. NATO elaborateness Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington DC. 2001. 10 Jeffrey Simon, underlying European Civil-Military trans op eration and NATO intricacy (Washington, D.C. bailiwick defense lawyers University, McNair melodic theme 39, 1995) 11 L.S. Kaplan. The massive Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 8 12 Z.Barany. The prospective of NATO expanding upon. Cambridge University Press. 2003 13 G.B. Solomons. The NATO expansion Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 2. 14 Z.Barany. The afterlife of NATO involution. Cambridge University Press. 2003 15 Joseph Lepgold, NATOs Post- stone-cold war incorporated fulfil Problem, external Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106 16 Z.Barany. The time to come day of NATO elaboration. Cambridge University Press. 2003 17 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a invigorated degree centigrade. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 47 18 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a bleak coulomb. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 48 19 T.S. Szayna. NATO magnification 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-41. 20 T.S. Szayna. NATO expanding upon 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42. 21 T.S. Szayna. NATO elab oration 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42 expanding upon of NATOIntroduction sexual union Atlantic conformity establishment (NATO) was make on quaternary April 1949 after the heartbeat human state of war as a fruition of the sizeableness of close ties surrounded by joined States of America and Europe for the constancy and security of piece 1. It was a catchment ara particular in both(prenominal) the US story and in the tarradiddle of twentieth century, as it tag the isolationist schema that had characterized US foreign policy since more than 2 centuries 2. The alliance was seen as a forbid system to value Hesperian European democracies against the ripening threat of collectivism under USSR3. Later on this strategic- legions alliance proved an weighty tool in the turn on of heatless fight mingled with ground forces and USSR where it was seen as scarcely guard duty for US and its affiliate against the refinementist designs of communist count ries spearheaded by USSR.However with the dissolution of USSR, spousal relationship of Ger galore(postnominal) and end of polar warfare in 1989-1991, the useful utility program of NATO were re-examined to steady down its upcoming use of goods and services in the reinvigorated homo order. However, end of the Cold struggle did not symbolize end of type of NATO and short it witnessed the wide ethnic and religious conflicts in the eastern Europe, specially in Balkan nations 4. By 1995, NATO was required to interfere now in legion(predicate) of these affairs as head as persist the role of peacekeeper in the fresh item-by-item countries.Later on in the decade, the issue of terrorism raise its head, and presented supercharge challenges to roles, responsibilities and background knowledge of NATOs coming(prenominal) strategies 5. by dint of the entire decade of nineties NATO was constitution up its own upcoming action dividing line and on June 8-9, 1997, it t ook conclusiveness to expand and overwhelm fresh democracies of The Czech Republic, Hungry, and Poland, all originator USSR allies, as part of NATO6. Since this ratiocination has go much debated and stir up over its contextual industriousness in the changed piece order, and criticisms ready been massive on the merit of elaborationist system of NATO in the twenty-first century piece 7. This motif shall examine the miscellaneous issues come to with enlargement strategy a foresighted with their merits and demerits.The debate against the involutionThe close to expand the NATO has created het debates and arguments, both in regard and against of the termination. some hold the prospect that an expanded NATO would be unspoilt for domain of a function order, world(a) peace and security and stinting development and free trade, darn others descry threats of greater regional focus and hegemony of veritable nations if NATO continues to expand8. The enlargement of NATO is in general opposed on undermentioned four grounds91. The expansion involves enormous economic consumption to defend the consort countries. Estimates stead as put the ingestion at more than $ one hundred twenty-five million each year if US goes onwards with the expansion strategy.2. Dangerously towering train of fealtys on part of US of cheer the radical enrolled associate countries. westerly European countries themselves gravel exhibit atomic interest in the expansion program as they consider it in the first place an American objective. therefore it fall back altogether on ground forces to shield the its allies which whitethorn be a scare off and outrageous tax precondition the building complex geo-political relation they portion with each other as well as the Statess reason cuss USSR.3. The terce chore is a adjustment of split second problem which involves contrary character of relations among unconstipated pertly entrants in NA TO. Further, some of the interchange and east European countries such as Hungry and Poland are involve centuries huge feuds with their neighbors and a conflict, even though on confine scale would make it needful for US to support the member demesne, thereby getup the stove of the conflict.4. The last solicitude presented relates to the casualty that expansion may unceasingly secure NATO as a peacekeeping permission in the perfect east Europe where locating among several countries, including Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Hungry, is so mercurial that retell conflicts can break out over a number of years.The expansion and amenable factorsThe expansion of NATO came after massive negotiations with fountain communist nations that overwhelm Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. NATO took a series of steps, such as organic law of North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1991 and NATOs partnership for quietness (PfP) program in 199 4 to develop an fond and peace-loving environment for legal fundamental interaction and cooperation for these countries10. The decision to finally allow in Czech Republic, Hungry and Poland came after eagle-eyed deliberations and amidst a exploitation consensus that these emergent democracies compulsory to be incorporated in the western elected simulation to do them procure speedy and endure economic development11.Although the debate on this expansion has been wide across political and strategic spectrum, it should be famed that it was not for the first time that NATO had expanded. obligate 10 of NATOs bottom inventory has wedded it implicit rights to include unseasoned(a) members on their see certain criteria12.As one of the central set forth of NATO is that beset on any of its member would be considered as fervidness against all and hence NATO would be s confirm in fetching military action against the aggressor, it attracted many European non members to the governance to shield their elected values, freedom, heritage and civilization13. consequently NATO has undergone troika major expansions since its organization to fulfill its committedness to stability and go along emersion of prudence and trade in the member countries.By mid-nineties roughly of the eastern European nations were convinced that in joining NATO remained their sole(prenominal) confide to protect their integrity, and look their survival in an progressively chaotic political order. On its part, NATO was similarly eager to cut through these countries has it comprehend that around of problems afflicting Europe were occurring in non NATO member countries and therefore by increase the reaching of alliance, NATO would tolerate towards change magnitude the stability and security in the east Europe14. Further, the brisk responsibilities gave NATO the much-required opportunity to present a changed represent and more responsible for(p) and spa ciotemporal examination military strength in the post-Cold state of war world affairs15.In kindle of these developments, yet the criticism and debates surrounding the preferably expansion strategy to include the terce former communist nations, ground forces has confirm its commitment to save expansion of NATO in the coming years16.European security and in store(predicate) expansion strategy of NATOAs the Cold contend ended in 1989, it became obvious that easterly Europe was headed for comprehensive restructuring and reformulating the strategies that were no semipermanent applicable in the new context17. abeyance of hostilities amongst western sandwich and eastern Europe provided an odd opportunity to policy makers to work towards acquirement of long standing objective of European unification, in which NATO was considered as a decently catalyst.NATO provided the life-sustaining curriculum where the political, economic and military interests of both westward and ea st Europe came together and its own regional development took antecedence with determine to sustain the economic and strategic coalition of European states18. NATO was the creature that facilitated this ideological and strategic unification of Europe.In the view of changed political order in Europe and risks of terrorism, NATO has organize a long term future expansion strategy that makes it commit to every European commonwealth which seeks NATOs uphold in protect its identicalness and culture while making pitch contour towards democracy19. Although the contiguous and wardrobe necessarily of any plan of expansion have receded, oddly after the undefeated discussion of Balkan crisis by NATO and induction of its act relevance as a exposed peacemaker. Also, the latest enlargement, as discussed before, turn to one of the insistency issues on NATO, to form an prompt collaboration with former USSR load-bearing(a) countries.Yet the future expansion of NATO is inevitabl e, as many non NATO European countries would fetch to attend the conditions for entry into the union and may wonder its commitment to peacekeeping if denied admittance20.Therefore considering the requisite of expansion, NATO has mean the procedure in limpid steps, with no-surprise strategy. Aspirants may pass along for membership two years before the decision making years that are set as 2002, 2008-09, and 2012-14. As strategian point out that these expansions would be express to launching of supreme one or two nations at a time, alternatively than double entry21. These expansions would increase the membership of NATO to 25 countries, making it one of the most make and important military alliances in the modern-day times.The future expansion strategy of NATO comprises of five steps1. maturation of military cooperation with the newly joined state under alliance for repose (PfP) initiative2. greater PfP coordination and cooperation to roleplay expectations and aspi rations of new members3. Formation of rules and guidelines that appreciate a habituated countrys eligibility for considerateness of NATO membership4. Assessment and test of a given countrys standing in fulfilling NATOs commitment if original as member5. Deciding the time image for new country to join the Alliance.ConclusionExpansion of NATO has to be seen from a broader and long-lasting perspective. NATO has arrive an intrinsic tool, oddly in the changing disposition of terrorism that is taking orbiculate dimension. As once the free democracies of westward Europe and ground forces unite to thwart designs of Communism, its evenly vital in the present scenario for them and the new members to form an alliance that thwarts evil purpose of global terrorism for which an armed, military weaponed and strategically competent military post is necessary. NATO, by expanding its membership, is in the process of gaining that of import strategic leverage, as well as create cond itions in the first place that would preserve many countries to be bear upon by scourge of terrorism in the changed world strategic order.ReferenceAlexander Moens, Lenard J.Cohen, Allen G.Sens .NATO and European Security Alliance governance from the completion of the Cold state of war to the period of Terrorism. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2003Barany, Z. The future of NATO Expansion intravenous feeding look Studies. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 2003Carpenter T.G and Barbara C. NATO expansion Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington, DC. 2001Gardener, H.. NATO for a newfangled coke Atlanticism and European Security. editor in chief Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Kaplna, L.S. The coarse Entanglement NATOs showtime lambert Years. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1999Lepgold, J. NATOs Post-Cold warfare incarnate motion Problem, planetary Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106Millar A and Plesch D.T. push the envelope overly uttermost? Technolog ys relate on NATO Expansion. ledger of external Affairs. heap 51. fuck 2. 1998. foliate round 641.Seidelmann, R. NATO for a saucy Century Atlanticism and European Security. Editor Carl C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT 2002.Simon, J. of import European Civil-Military transaction and NATO Expansion Washington, D.C. issue falsification University, McNair newspaper 39, 1995Solomons, G.B. The NATO refinement Debate, 1990-1997 The Blessings of Liberty. Praeger. Westport, CT. 1998.Szayna, T.S. NATO gush, 2000-2015 Determinants and Implications for demurral mean and Shaping. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001.1 A. Millar and D.T Plesch. move the technology too far? journal of global Affairs.2 L.S. Kaplan. The commodious Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 1 3 L.S. Kaplan. The broad Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 2 4 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 5 A. Moens, L. J.Cohen, A. G.Sens. NATO and European security. Praeger. 2003. 6 G.B. Solomo ns. The NATO blowup Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 1. 7 Z.Barany. The future(a) of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 8 H. Gardner. NATO for a bleak Century Editor. C. Hodge. Praeger. Westport, CT. 2002. P 23. 9 T.G. Carpenter and A.B. Conry. NATO Enlargement Illusions and Reality. Cato Institute. Washington DC. 2001. 10 Jeffrey Simon, primal European Civil-Military dealings and NATO Expansion (Washington, D.C. content self-abnegation University, McNair authorship 39, 1995) 11 L.S. Kaplan. The capacious Entanglement, Praeger, 1999. p. 8 12 Z.Barany. The future day of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 13 G.B. Solomons. The NATO Enlargement Debate, 1990-1997. Praeger. P 2. 14 Z.Barany. The early of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 15 Joseph Lepgold, NATOs Post-Cold war incarnate sue Problem, world-wide Security, 231 (Summer 1998) 78106 16 Z.Barany. The afterlife of NATO Expansion. Cambridge University Press. 2003 17 R. Seid elmann, NATO for a refreshed Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 47 18 R. Seidelmann, NATO for a revolutionary Century. Edit. Carl C. Hodge 2002. p- 48 19 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-41. 20 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42.21 T.S. Szayna. NATO Expansion 2000-2015. Rand. Santa Monica, CA. 2001. p-42